练习

H.1 浏览你每天阅读的报纸，找出三个有歧义的句子或标题。说明歧义的各种来源。

H.2 假设有这样一个领域：在一个基于知识的系统中，coffee 一词可以指以下概念——含咖啡因或不含咖啡因的饮料、用来制作这两类饮料的咖啡粉，以及咖啡豆本身。请论证下列 coffee 用法中哪些具有歧义，哪些含义模糊。

1. I’ve had my coffee for today.（我今天已经喝过咖啡了。）

2. Buy some coffee on your way home.（回家路上买些咖啡。）

3. Please grind some more coffee.（请再磨些咖啡。）

H.3 下面这条规则是我们为例 H.25 给出的翻译，但它并不能合理定义“素食餐厅”的含义：

请给出一条 FOL 规则，根据餐厅供应的食物更好地定义素食餐厅。

H.4 把下列句子翻译为 FOL：

1. Vegetarians do not eat meat.（素食者不吃肉。）

2. Not all vegetarians eat eggs.（并非所有素食者都吃蛋。）

H.5 给出证明下列断言所需的一组事实和推理：

1. McDonald’s 不是素食餐厅。

2. 有些素食者可以在 McDonald’s 用餐。

不要只是把这些事实直接放进知识库。请说明如何从有关素食者和 McDonald’s 的一些更一般事实中推导出它们。

H.6 第 12 页曾把 $Near(Centro,Bacaro)$ 作为句子 Centro is near Bacaro 的翻译。在真值条件语义中，给定某个模型后，这个公式非真即假。请针对 near 这类词的含义，评析这种真值条件方法。

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