练习
F.1 为下列 ATIS 短语画出树结构：
Dallas
from Denver
after five p.m.
arriving in Washington
early flights
all redeye flights
on Thursday
a one-way fare
any delays in Denver
F.2 为下列 ATIS 句子画出树结构：
Does American Airlines have a flight between five a.m. and six a.m.?
I would like to fly on American Airlines.
Please repeat that.
Does American 487 have a first-class section?
I need to fly between Philadelphia and Atlanta.
What is the fare from Atlanta to Denver?
Is there an American Airlines flight from Philadelphia to Dallas?
F.3 假定一个语法按照 F.3.4 节所述，针对不同的次范畴化含有许多 VP 规则，并含有 Verb-with-NP-complement 之类次范畴各异的动词规则。如果要正确处理 the earliest flight that you have 之类的例子，名词后关系从句规则 (F.4) 需要怎样修改？回忆一下，在这种例子中，代词 that 是动词 get 的宾语。你的规则应当允许这个名词短语，同时应正确排除不合语法的 S *I get。
F.4 你对上一题的解答能正确模拟 NP the earliest flight that I can get 吗？the earliest flight that I think my mother wants me to book for her 又如何？提示：这种现象称为长距离依存。
F.5 编写规则，表达英语助动词的动词次范畴；例如，可以有一条规则 verb-with-bare-stem-VP-complement → can。
F.6 Fortune’s office 或 my uncle’s marks 这样的 NP 称为所有格名词短语或属格名词短语。可以把 Fortune’s 或 my uncle’s 这样的内部 NP 当作随后中心名词的限定词，从而为所有格名词短语建模。请为英语所有格编写语法规则。可以把 ’s 当成独立的词来处理（即假定 ’s 之前总有空格）。
F.7 第 8 页讨论了 Wh-NP 成分的必要性。最简单的 Wh-NP 是 wh-代词之一（who, whom, whose, which）。wh-词 what 和 which 还可以充当限定词，例如：which four will you have?、what credit do you have with the Duke?。请为不同类型的 Wh-NP 编写规则。
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